Digital Literacy in EFL Contexts: Developing 21st Century Skills in Saudi Arabian Classrooms

Prepared by
Dr. Halima Hassab Elrasol Abd Elgadir Mohamed
Department of English Language & Literature
College of Languages & Humanities
Qassim University
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Abstract:
The global shift toward digital transformation, driven by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, has amplified the need for 21st-century skills such as digital literacy, critical thinking, and adaptability. In Saudi Arabia, these priorities align with Vision 2030, which emphasizes educational modernization to foster a competitive workforce and knowledge-based economy. This study examines the integration of digital literacy in Saudi EFL classrooms, focusing on pedagogical strategies, professional development (PD) needs, curriculum alignment, and barriers to technology adoption. A descriptive survey involving 150 EFL teachers from urban and rural schools reveals widespread use of basic digital tools but a lack of confidence in advanced technologies like AI-driven applications. Findings highlight gaps in teacher training, curriculum resources, and infrastructure, particularly in under-resourced regions. The study proposes actionable recommendations, including tailored PD models (e.g., workshops on AI tools, peer mentoring), standardized digital literacy assessment frameworks, and incentives to motivate teacher engagement. By bridging the disconnect between policy aspirations and classroom realities, this research contributes to enhancing digital literacy integration in EFL contexts, ensuring Saudi learners are equipped for global workforce demands.
Keywords: Digital Literacy; EFL Education; 21st-Century Skills; Saudi Arabia; Vision 2030; AI in Education

Financial behavior within the framework of the international financial markets environment and its role in sustainable development

Prepared by
Dr. Ahmed Muhammad Jassim
College of Administration and Economics
University of Fallujah- Iraq
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Abstract:
The research sought to highlight the role played by financial behavioral tools, as well as models related to common stocks, in the process of making financing and investment decisions through common stocks and their impact on achieving sustainable development within the framework of the financial market environment and the related variables it reflects. It was possible to adopt common stock evaluation models and determine the values ​​of these stocks. It was possible to evaluate these stocks by taking the shares of the international companies concerned with the research during the period (2013-2022), with ten companies operating in different fields and sectors. The analysis of the research variables was achieved through the portfolio method and by adopting advanced financial models, in addition to the use of accurate financial measures, most notably the Sharpe and Treynor indexes, extracting their real values, and determining the returns and risks of common stocks within the framework of the investment portfolio that contains the shares and bonds of various companies. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which was the impact of financial behavior in achieving sustainable development through the financial market environment. In addition, the researcher recommends a number of appropriate recommendations related to the topic.
Keywords: Financial behavior, market environment, sustainable development.

An Investigation of Students’ Perceptions and Challenges of Online Education During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A case Study of Undergraduate Students at Medicine Faculty, University of Khartoum

 Prepared by
Dr. Asma Ali Nasr
Department of English Language
Tabuk University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.Ghada Mohamed Hassan
Department of English Language
University of Khartoum, Sudan
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Abstract:
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), on 11th March 2020, declared the corona virus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic and announced some precautionary instructions to limit the spread of the virus around the world. These instructions include social distancing, isolation and quarantine, community containment, national lockdown, and travel restrictions. The lockdown that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic affected the educational systems worldwide. Like other countries, the Sudanese government directed the academic institutions to transfer to online education instead of face-to-face learning.
Objective
The aim of the study is to investigate learners’ perceptions and challenges of online during the COVID-19 pandemic at the faculty of medicine, University of Khartoum.
Methodology
An online questionnaire via Google Form used to collect data, then the data analysed using descriptive statistics.
Results
The results showed that (60.5%) of the participants did not enjoy the online education. Students indicated that online education could have problems such as limited internet quota (57%) and technical issues (85%). The majority of the respondents (70%) noted that online education resulted in a lack of motivation and self-regulation (85%). In addition, online learning did not upgrade students' discipline knowledge (55%) clinical skills (72%)and social competence (57.5%). Furthermore, most of the participants (72.5%) prefer face-to-face classrooms to online education. Although further studies are required to gain more understanding of the application of online learning at other medical colleges in Sudan during the COVID-19 pandemic, the findings have important implications for developing online learning in Sudan.
Keywords: Challenges, COVID-19, Khartoum University, Medical Students, Online education, Perceptions.

The Binding Force of Custom in the Saudi Commercial Law

Prepared by
Dr. Elkhatim Abd Elrahman Abu Elhassan
Department of law
Gulf Colleges- Hafr El Batin
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Abstract:
This study investigates the binding nature of commercial custom within the Saudi commercial legal system, its authoritative strength, and its impact on commercial transactions. It also distinguishes commercial customs from other types of customs. The researcher employed descriptive and inductive methodologies to analyze the subject. Key findings reveal that most legal systems, including the Saudi system, do not explicitly define custom despite regulating its application. Custom is classified into various categories depending on the perspective of analysis. Scholars are divided on the legal authority of customs, some consider it a valid source of evidence for deriving legal rulings if specific conditions are met, while others dispute this view. However, there is consensus on its role in legislation, whether as a primary source, a complementary tool, or an interpretive mechanism. The influence of customs varies across different branches of law. Additionally, four main theories explain the basis of custom’s binding force: collective conscience, governmental approval, judicial enforcement, or the inherent power of custom itself. Another significant finding is that custom is recognized under Saudi law and has notable implications, such as interpreting statutory language, acknowledging emerging societal practices, clarifying the intent behind verbal expressions, and understanding actions through customary context.
Keywords: Custom, General Custom, Stability of Custom, Valid Custom, Juridical Authority of Custom, Binding Force of Custom.  

ALzjmokhshary Grammatical and Syntactical Choices in his Book (Detailed of Parsing Apprenticeship

Prepared by
Dr. Hamza Adam yousif Hassan
Department of Arabic Language
College of Education
University of kordofan
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Dr.Yousif Hassan Nawia Nawaie
Department of Arabic Language
College of Education
University of East Kordofan

Abstract:
The study has talked the syntactic and grammatical chalices of Alzumakhshary in his detailed book in apprenticeship and analysis, the study aimed to collect syntactic and grammatical choices of  Alzumakhshary in his detailed book and their analysis and study , and the identification of Alzumakhshary syntactic discipline through these choices, and clarification of the origins and scientific bases which depended on in his choices and to know it talking of these issues on the descriptive analytical method, and has reached some results , the study restricted seventeen problems, have been chosen out of ten problems in syntax and seven in grammar , from speech collection and the dissuasion of grammarians' ideas he did not imitating a certain discipline in choices and reasonable , but he called from all disciplines , the study deified Alzumakhshary has repeat the phrase (our friends) yet, it does not mean that he supported them all, and he controverted them in "So that" analysis and other whish had been mentioned in the study . Alzumakhshary has cited by Quran's Readings to strengthen his arguments and sagging, and this is a clue or his affection with the Andalusia's those who raise listening value in their ideas' weighting.
Key words: Choices – Alzumakhshary – Syntax – grammar – detailed  - book           

Sustainable Development of the Waters of the International Rivers Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq in Accordance with International Law

Prepared by
Dr. Fateh Yousif Al-Zobaidy
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Abstract
The water resources in Iraq consist of rain , snow , groundwater , marshes , rivers and their tributaries. These resources have been continuously declining, while the population has been increasing, leading to deterioration in the quality and quantity of water. Consequently, this has negatively impacted agriculture, increased desertification, and caused population migration to cities. Therefore, the study focuses on the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the possibility of developing and enhancing them in light of the available conditions.
Keywords: Sustainable development, International Rivers, Iraq, Tigris and Euphrates.                       

Causes and Remedies of Economic Crises in Sudan (2012-2025)

Prepared by
Dr. Gasim Elfaki Ali
Sudan University of Science & Technology 
College of Business Studies
Department of Applied Economics

Abstract
The present Research paper aims at exploring the historical root causes of economic crises coupled with fast deterioration in the standards of living in Sudan with its cumulative negative reflection on the value of the national currency, coinciding with the mounting trend in costs of living due to consistent booming in the prices of consumption goods during (2012-2025), all that with the purpose of suggesting the necessary effective corrective measures for these problems. The Research used both the descriptive - analytical and historical methods, by depending on secondary as well as primary data, supplemented by the researcher’s observations. The Research ascertains many findings, the most important of which is that,    the cumulative impact of economic liberalization decisions overlapping  with  the impact of the ongoing war, being  resulted in a huge gap in the costs of living nearing almost 99% caused by increasing rates in the prices of consumption goods in general, ranging minimally and maximumly between  6,000 and 20,000 times for the selected 20 goods comparing with its prevailing prices in the base year (2012), putting into consideration the facts of low wage and limited income of majority population.   In conclusion, the paper emphasized an immediate intervention of the government to adopt the suggested remedies that presented in a format of implementable matrix including an immediate emergency measures to be followed by comprehensive sustainable solutions for the existing economic crises in Sudan that being persisting for more than 10 years.
Keywords:: Causes, Remedies,  Economic crises,  Economic liberalization, War ,Value of currency , Costs of living and deterioration in the standards of living..