Character as a Symbol of Culture: A Study of Achebe's Things Fall Apart

prepared by
Asso.Prof.Dr.Abdulrahman Mokbel Mahyoub Hezam
Department of English, Faculty of Arts
Taiz University, Yemen
 Faculty of Science and Arts, Taibah University, Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
This study examines Chinua Achebe's protagonist Okonkwo in the postcolonial novel Things Fall Apart. Close reading focuses on Okonkwo as both a product and symbol of Igbo culture in Nigeria. The study analyzes Okonkwo in three roles – as a patriarch, father, and unwavering hero – finding he represents core Igbo values like masculinity, gender norms, and resisting change. His inability to adapt to colonial influences reflects the larger clashes in Igbo society during this period. Ultimately, Okonkwo's inflexibility and suicide metaphorically depict the 'falling apart' of Igbo cultural identity under colonialism. Okonkwo remains representative of his culture, and his fate parallels the demise of Igbo traditions. Thus, Achebe skillfully utilizes Okonkwo to provide insight into the cultural upheaval and human impact of colonialism on indigenous Nigerian communities. This analysis affirms Achebe’s effective use of Okonkwo as a symbol encapsulating major societal transformations in Things Fall Apart.
Keywords: Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart, postcolonial literature, Okonkwo, Igbo culture, colonialism, cultural symbolism

Cultural Challenges   faced by   Albaha 8^th level Students in Translating Arabic Proverbs into English

prepared by:
Prof.Dr. Jewayria Mohammed
Dafa-Alla
Almekhwa College of Sciences & Arts
Albaha University

Abstract:
This study aimed at finding solutions for difficulties in translating Arabic proverbs into English which result of cultural differences. Considering Saudi students the study used a translation test which consisted of 15 proverbs to be translated by 30 students randomly chosen as a sample in Albaha University, Amehkwah College of Sciences and Arts College (Female Students Department.)  The study also used a questionnaire which was introduced to 30 students who study translation at the English Department. Both the test and the questionnaire aimed at achieving the study objectives. To support the information stemming from the test and the questionnaire, relevant literature was reviewed. The study revealed that EFL students commit many errors in translating Arabic proverbs into English, the most apparent errors are the use of the wrong TL equivalent due to cultural variations between English and Arabic added the overuse of literal translation.. The study showed the lack of linguistic competence in both Arabic and English. Finally, the researcher suggested some solutions, first, a pre-test in English language must be applied to measure translation student's linguistic competence. Furthermore, a pre linguistic course, at a university level which covers both Arabic and English for three months, before beginning a translation course is very important to fill the gap in acquiring language skills. Using proverbs in the classroom in teaching English, in the warming –up step to familiarize the students with their cultural inheritance. Finally the researcher suggested annual competitions in translating Arabic proverbs for Albaha English departments.
Key words:  Translation, TL, SL. EFL Student –Proverbs-Translation problems-linguistics competence

The Use of Object-Oriented GIS for Traffic Police Services in  AR-RASS City

Prepared by:
Dr.Fahad A. Aloufi
Department of Computer Science
College of Science and Arts
Qassim University Ar Rass
Saudi Arabia
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Dr. Abdalilah G.I Alhalangy
Department of Computer Science
College of Science and Arts
Qassim University Ar Rass
Saudi Arabia
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Dr Mohammed A M Suleiman
Department of Statistics
College of Science
Qassim University Ar Rass
Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
The expansion of a nation's road and transportation systems is crucial to that nation's economic development. Social interaction and economic growth happen because of these road networks within and between regions. It is among the most important ways to measure an area's social, economic, and business growth. This research deals with the problem of applying object-oriented GIS to the traffic road network in AR-RASS City. In contrast, it investigates the flexibility of object-oriented GIS in the analysis, measurement, and processing of traffic congestion based on data on traffic and spatial and temporal information in different ways. The planning and spatial evolution of the road networks in the study area was examined. The study used a descriptive-analytical approach by collecting data and information through various methods (reference books, periodicals, and websites). Also, through a primary method (the design question method), it was evident from the discussion that the new system of object-oriented GIS can be an essential reorganization of roads and traffic. While handling this system and the problems plaguing traffic management, this new system helps avoid all the difficulties that have been pending for many years within AR-RASS City. The study results show an immediate and urgent need for improvements and required changes in the road network, such as the construction of new roads. To increase the density of the road network, which gives another important and better prediction for the standards of the road network in AR-RASS City?
Keywords:  Object-Oriented GIS; Traffic police Services; AR-RASS City; Global position system (GPS); Digital Map

Investigating the Reasons of Using Arabic-English Code Switching during Saudi Students' Communication, Qassim Region, KSA

Prepared by:
Dr.Abdelazim Mabrook Abdalbein Mabrook
Onaizah Colleges, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to identify the motivations and purposes behind the use of Arabic-English code switching in communication among Saudi students in the Qassim Region. In Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, people use Arabic-English code switching to express their ideas, feelings, and opinions to others.  This is because Saudi students need to improve the effectiveness and significance of their communication.  Nowadays, some Saudi students-especially those who studied or traveled overseas—continue to communicate by alternating between Arabic and English codes.  As a result, EFL students who speak only English in classrooms, colleges, or universities will not switch between Arabic and English, and they will develop strong and efficient English communication abilities.  Thus, the primary goal of this study is to ascertain why Arabic-English code swapping is used in the Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. To complete this study, the investigator employed a descriptive method to complete this study, and a questionnaire  was designed to gather data. It   used a likert scale, which has five response alternatives. One hundred (100) participants from Onaizah Colleges, Qassim region, K.S.A. made up the sample. The questionnaire results were analyzed by using SPSS 25.0 Statistical program. Results show that Saudi students use code switching between Arabic and English to demonstrate that they are fluent in the language and to gain social status. Graduates also use code switching between Arabic and English to give more clear and concise advice to their clients or coworkers. Finally, Saudi students use code switching between Arabic and English to communicate when they attend scientific meetings.  The study recommends that Saudi students should communicate using either Arabic or English.  Additionally, when teaching English, university lecturers and teachers should use the monolingual approach, and will speak English during classes to enable their students to communicate effectively either English or Arabic. 
Keywords: Saudi Arabia, quantitative approach, communication, code switching, Arabic-English, and reasons.

Assessing the English Examination for Science Track Students. A case Study of Faculty of Nursing Science, Batch (19), Semester (3), During the Academic year (2021 – 2022) at The National Ribat University, Sudan

Prepared by:
Dr.Eatdal Balla Eltom Ali The National Ribat University & Academic
Engineer Science and Medicine, Sudan
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Dr. Ahmed Abdalla Saeed 
College of Science and Arts
Baha University, Almikhwa, Saudi Arabia
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Asso.Prof.Dr Abdulghani Eissa Tour Mohammed
Applied linguistics, Department of English and Translation
College of Science and Arts, Ar Rass, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia 
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Abstract
This study set out to determine if the English test for the third semester or batch (19) of the National Ribat University, Faculty of Nursing Science in Sudan, was given in a way that adequately represented the subject matter and included a sufficient sample of the goals listed in the syllabus during the academic year (2021 – 2022). Descriptive research was used to accomplish this goal, while purposive sampling was carried out regarding the selection of the English exam papers. The data for the analysis was gathered from exam papers and syllabuses, while the English Examination question sheet served as the study's subject. In addition, the test items were analysed using the English syllabus. Afterwards, the data was retyped, and the syllabus was compared. Subsequently, each test item was examined individually to determine the percentage. The researchers finally noticed that not all of the syllabus was covered by the exam questions when invigilating the English language section. Furthermore, it was also clear that some textbook topics were underrepresented in the English language exam. Thus, the lack of representation prompted the researchers to look into the exam's content validity.
Keywords:Assessing, English examinations, Science track Students, Nursing Science

Using Self- and Peer-Correction to Enhance College Students' Writing Ability

Prepared by:
Dr. Wijdan Mohieldeen Mohammed Suliman
Department of English Language& Translation
College of Science and Arts at Al Asyah
Qassim University
Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
This study examines the effects of self-correction and peer-correction strategies on the writing proficiency of students enrolled in foreign language courses at college of Sciences and Arts at Alasyah in Saudi Arabia . Furthermore, it investigates the function of error codes and error records in enhancing students' cognizance of linguistic errors in their written work, the relationship between self-determination and the efficacy of these strategies in the context of inclusive education policies in Saudi Arabia. This study adds to the literature on the potential advantages that students, specifically those with diverse learning needs, can derive from self-correction and peer-correction strategies in a foreign language classroom. Additionally, it illuminates the potential impact of cultural factors on the execution of these approaches. It applies the Wehmeyer's (1996) Functional Model of Self-Determination to evaluate students' success and adaptability in an inclusive education environment. The novelty of this study lies in its concentration on Saudi Arabian students with hearing impairments, a group that has been relatively neglected in prior scholarly investigations. The study findings have practical implications for Saudi higher education policy and the provision of services for hearing-impaired students, both of which are also discussed here.
Keywords: peer correction – writing -foreign language, college students

The Influence of Rhyming on Memory Recall in Children

Prepared by
Dr. Asjad Ahmed Saeed Balla
Department of English Language and Translation
College of Arabic Language and Social Studiesـ Qassim University
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Abstract
This study examines the influence of rhyming words on memory recall in children across different age groups. Four key research questions guide the investigation: (1) Does the use of rhyming words improve memory recall in children? (2) What age group of children benefits the most from rhyming in memory tasks? (3) Are there differences in memory recall between rhyming and non-rhyming words in children's tasks? (4) What is the role of familiarity with rhyming words in memory recall?
The study employs paired t-tests to compare the means of recalled words between lists of rhyming and non-rhyming words within each age group. Results consistently show that rhyming words enhance memory recall in children of all age groups, supported by statistically significant differences.
While the study does not pinpoint a single age group that benefits the most, it highlights a consistent pattern of improved memory recall with rhyming words across different age groups. This suggests that rhyming words have a positive impact on memory recall in children.
The findings have significant educational implications, as educators can consider incorporating rhyming elements into teaching materials to enhance memory retention and learning outcomes in children. Further research is recommended to explore developmental trends in the effectiveness of rhyming and to investigate the role of word familiarity in memory tasks for children.
Key words: Learning ; Age distribution ; Education; Age ; Recall ; Memory; Cognitive ; Ability; rhyming ;non rhyming

Iraqi-Turkish Trade Exchange (2004-2021) and Future Prospects in Light of Alternative Scenarios

Prepared by
Samaha SalehAli
University of Fallujah  Faculty of Administration and Economics
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Prof .Dr Nazar Dheyab Assaf
AI-maaref University College
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Abstract
This research examines the reality of Iraqi-Turkish trade for the period (2004-2021) and its significant developments by analyzing relevant data, including the contribution of economic sectors to the gross domestic product and their evolution in both countries. The research also delves into the commodity structure of exports and imports between the two countries and the impact of trade developments on their trade balance.
Turkey has successfully captured a significant portion of the Iraqi market in its commodity exports, particularly in food products, machinery, and industrial goods. This clear advantage for Turkey can be attributed to the decline of the Iraqi economy following the 2003 American occupation, which led to the deterioration of infrastructure and the suspension of key production sectors in industry, agriculture, and services. In contrast, the Turkish economy has consistently thrived through efficient export plans and high competitiveness in the Iraqi market. Over 1,500 Turkish trucks carrying Turkish goods enter Iraq daily, and approximately 700 Turkish companies operate in Iraq. In 2021, Turkey achieved a trade surplus of $14,409 million.
Furthermore, the research explores future scenarios for these relationships under alternative circumstances, relying on economic and political factors in both countries.
Keywords: Trade exchange, Economic sector, Domestic product, Import, Export, Competitiveness, Trade balance

The Impact of Risk Management Implementation on Organizational Effectiveness: A Field Study in Jordanian Pharmaceutical Companies

Prepared by:
Dr. Dalal Mohammad Ghazi Hamdan
College of Business
Mutah University
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Prof. Dr. Samer Abdulmajid Al-Bshabsheh
College of Business
Mutah University
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of risk management implementation on organizational effectiveness in Jordanian pharmaceutical companies. The descriptive analytical method was used, with a study population consisting of (400) individuals from the upper and middle management in responsive Jordanian pharmaceutical companies. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher developed a questionnaire and distributed it to the entire study population. The number of valid questionnaires for analysis was (372). The statistical package for social sciences (V26.SPSS) was used to test the study hypotheses and answer its questions.
The study found several results, including that the level of risk management implementation and organizational effectiveness in Jordanian pharmaceutical companies was high. The results also indicated a significant statistical impact of risk management implementation on organizational effectiveness. The study recommended maintaining the level of risk management implementation and organizational effectiveness in Jordanian pharmaceutical companies, as revealed by the study results.
Keywords: Risk Management, Organizational Effectiveness, Jordanian Pharmaceutical Companies