Social Factors and Dialect Variation: An Analysis of Age, Gender, and Social Class in Linguistic Practice

Prepared by
A.Prof.Dr. Safaa Mohamed Siddig Hag Hamed
English Language & Translation Dep   Faculty of Arts
Taibah University
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Abstract
This study examines the impact of social factors on dialect variations through a survey of seventy-five participants. Social factors investigated include age, gender, and socioeconomic status, and their relationship to dialect use and attitudes. The survey consisted of 18 statements regarding linguistic diversity and dialect use, with responses measured on a Likert scale. The results show that participants largely recognize the role of social factors in influencing dialect use and shaping social identity. The majority agreed that younger generations use different dialects than older generations, indicating awareness of generational differences in language. Participants also generally agreed that people from different socioeconomic backgrounds utilize different dialects and that the dialect one speaks impacts perception and identity.  However, opinions were mixed regarding the role of gender in dialect use and what actions should be taken to promote dialect diversity. Neutral responses to some statements indicate uncertainty or lack of strong opinions on certain issues. The findings suggest that while awareness of dialect variations linked to social factors exists, there is less consensus on how to reduce discrimination based on dialect. This indicates a need for further research and interventions aimed at promoting dialect diversity and inclusivity.
Keywords: dialect variation; Sociolinguistics; language attitudes; linguistic diversity; and social inclusion

The Impact of Social Media Language on Formal English Writing : A Linguistic Analysis of EFL Classrooms from a Teacher's Perspective

Prepared by:
Dr. Asjad Ahmed Saeed Balla
Department of English Language and Translation
College of Arabic Language and Social Studiesـ
Qassim University
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Abstract
The study investigates the impact of social media language, particularly informal language, on formal English writing in EFL classrooms, focusing on teachers' perspectives and the influence of social media language on students' engagement in formal writing.Social media platforms often use informal language, affecting students' ability to effectively use formal academic language in the classroom due to potential negative impacts.Research findings reveal mixed opinions on the impact of social media on language development, with teachers acknowledging vocabulary and word choice difficulties and the need for corrective measures.The paper suggests strategies to improve language proficiency, including incorporating social media language into instruction, enhancing vocabulary, promoting critical thinking, media literacy, self-correction, and conducting qualitative research.The negative impact of social media language on formal English writing can be mitigated by implementing recommendations and supporting students in developing strong writing skills.
Keywords: Social media language;Social network; Writing; Academic performance ; Young adult; EFL classrooms; Teacher's perspective; Adult learning; Impact analysis 

Developing ESP Materials for First-Year Non-English Major Students: A Case Study

Prepared by:
Dr.Osama Khalifa Mohammed
English Language Institute (ELI)
Jazan University, KSA
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Abstract
This study critically examines the development of language learning materials designed for non-English majors. The term “non-English majors” will be used throughout this study to refer to students of medicine, Engineering, business and science who attend the English class as a university requirement during the first year, previously referred as preparatory-year students. The study is descriptive in nature and based on a reflection of personal experience along with a theoretical perspective of material development as suggested by ESP and EAP experts. The researcher’s experience working with non-English majors for many years in as a language instructor has driven him to undertake this research. The researcher has witnessed several attempts made by the English Language Institute to find the most appropriate language materials for ESL and EFL students. However, there is no complete satisfaction from the educational stakeholders with any of the endeavors. Although extensive research has been conducted in this area, the focus has mainly been on analyzing and evaluating the existing instructional materials. A few studies have dealt with designing or selecting teaching materials for those whose majors are not English. To that end, the paper explicates some myths related to the design of language material for non-English majors. It first discusses the approach to teaching language to non-English majors to determine which approach to adopt: English for specific purposes (ESP) or general English (GE). After that, it highlights the language needs of non-English majors and its importance in developing language materials. It finally reviews the characteristics of effective language material developers. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving the existing language materials designed for non-English majors.
Keywords: ESP Materials, non-English majors, myths, material design, material selection.

Lost Development in the Iraqi Economy Over the period from 1950 to 2020

Prepared by:
Prof. Dr.Khamis Khalaf Al-Fahdawi
Almaarif University College
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 Abstract:
This study seeks to fathom and analyze the extent of developmental efforts exerted in the Iraqi economy over the period (1950-2020) and their outcomes. It relies on multiple parameters such as: the amount of investment expenditure, the average of economic growth and the sectoral distribution of investment, workforce, and gross domestic product (GDP). The study demonstrates that the economic problems of Iraq are mainly structural as they are associated with the structure of the Iraqi economy. These problems arose from and got escalated by internal and external factors like wars, economic siege and the American occupation of the country in 2003. All of these factors form an obstacle that hinders the economic development of Iraq. Finally, the study emphasizes that the way to break the deadlock of the lost development entails adopting short-term and long-term governmental procedures and policies within the scale of the self-reliant type of development.
Keywords: Iraqi economy , Economic development , Devolopment Patterns

Trade Exchange Facing Currency Swap an Economic Base that Addresses the Problem of Inflation

Prepared by:
Prof. Dr.Taher Nassar
Professor at Taibah University
AL Madinah Al Munawwarah

 Abstract:
(Trade exchange facing currency swap) An innovative economic base that achieves fair netting in accordance with the principles of Islam, and helps developing countries to increase production and improve the economy, and prevents the control of one currency in world trade, and leaves the door of competition open to all countries; The currency of the highest value is the currency of the most productive country and the most beneficial to the peoples of the world.
It also addresses the problem of inflation and high prices. Because it makes the national currency reliable in trade exchange between countries, and it considers all the wealth, goods, services, and privileges that the state possesses that can be spent and traded in as a real cover for the national currency, and it makes gold the standard and measure by which commodity prices are estimated, and the exchange rate of all local currencies is determined by it. Because it is a precious metal that often retains its value.
other than the (dollar rule) currently in force; it lacks a fixed standard, and causes continuous waves of inflation and high prices; Because dollar bills are printed in large quantities without a cover of gold or commensurate with wealth and products.
Keywords: trade exchange, currency exchange, barter, dollar base, gold standard, Islamic principles, inflation problem.

Property System. A free Reading from the Cage of Democracy

Prepared by
Prof. Dr. Mesfer Ali Mohammed Al-Ghahtani
Department of Islamic and Arab Studies
College of Human Studies
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

Abstract
The democratic system is one of the oldest systems of government in the world and has been talked about by Plato and Aristotle significantly, and has been practiced by a number of countries of the world and described as democratic countries, but this practice revealed a major defect experienced by these countries even if they claimed to maintain democratic values in the freedom of choice, candidacy and voting.
The general appearance of democratic celebrations, especially on election days, seems beautiful when people stand in long lines to cast their votes in a free and equal manner, but the decisiveness often goes with the soft power people hiding behind their influential companies and charming channels, except for the exploitation of society by voluntarily acquiescing to the desired candidate through electronic applications and artificial intelligence programs.
Today, the world is witnessing a number of absolute monarchies that are stable in terms of development, security and economic prosperity, and the clearest witness to this is the Gulf countries with material and value power in governance and management systems, and the presence of some applied problems in them are scars that do not remove the health and safety of this model on the ground.
As for the contemporary Saudi governance model, it is considered one of the most important absolute monarchies in the world, and I think it competes with the strongest democracies in the world in welfare, development, and the prevalence of security and justice, and the basic system of government in it is considered the establishment of an important form of oversight and accountability for the institution of governance, based on commitment to Sharia, and to achieve the separation of powers, and the application of the principles of justice, equality and consultation.
Key words: Monarchy - Democracy - Integrity - Justice - Freedom

Al-Sayyid Al-Himyari and the Kaysanites Sect between Persistence & Abandonment - Analytical Study

Prepared by
A.Dr.Ali Ahmad AL Momani
Assistant Professor/ Arabic Literture and Citicisn
Jerash University /Jordan
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Abstract
This study aims to clarify the ideas of the Kaysanitessect in the poetry of Al-Sayyid Al-Himyari, his position towards it, and finally expose his persistence to advocate it or abandon it; the methodology was done through Identifying and analyzing certain poetic texts, the naming of the Kaysanites sect by this name, the manifestation of its development and expansion -that did not extend to a long period-, is attributed to a man named Abu AmraKaysan.Kaysan was one of the mawālī(The non-Arab Muslims). He was the head of the police force of Al-Mukhtar bin Ubaid Al-Thaqafi.Al-Sayyid Al-Himyari remained loyal to the Kaysanites until he died. This is what many scholars believe and the researcher as well.
Key words:the Kaysanite, Al-Sayyid Al-Himyari, and poetry in the first Abbasid era.

Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology in estimating the relationship between the exchange rate and the balance of payments in Sudan (“an econometric study for the period 2000-2022”).

Prepared by
Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mutaz Adam
Abdalraheem Mohammad
Département of Economico
West Kordofan University
Sudan
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A.Prof.Dr.Suleiman Khalifa Mordas
Department of Economico
West Kordofan University
Sudan

A.Prof.Dr.Zaelnoun Mohamed
Hamid Osman
Department of Economico
West Kordofan University
Suda

Abstract
The study aimed to clarify the importance of the exchange rate as an indicator that reflects the economic situation analyze the relationship between it and  the balance of payments , and formulate a  standard model for analyzing the exchange rate policy and the balance of payments in sudan , in light of the severity of the financial problems in sudan  during period 2000-2022.                                 Is there balanced relationship between the exchange rate and balance of payments in sudan  during period 2000-2022? The study used the analytical descriptive approach and secondary sources ,and used the quantitative approach to build a standard model to measure the effect of the exchange rate as on the factors affecting the balance of payments , by testing the casual relationship between the  two variables , and the one of the most important results of the study is the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship, and the percentage of term errors the short- term ,which can be corrected per unit of time in order to return to the long – term equilibrium meaning that the rate of (-0.48) of the imbalance in the balance of payments is corrected during the year in order to return to the long – term equilibrium.
Keywords :exchange rate - balance of payments – auto regressive distributed lag.

Media Professors' Opinion on the Application of Digital Media Education when Selective Audiences are Exposed to Audio and Visual Content.

Prepared by
Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ibaa Ahmed Al-Tijani Omar Awad
College of media
King Abdulaziz University
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Abstract
This study aims to identify media professors on the application of digital media education upon audience selective exposure to digital media audiovisual content on the internet. This research is classified as a descriptive study, applying qualitative and quantitative methods by distributing an electronic questionnaire to an available sample to reach the desired findings, which are that digital media education has advantages for the public when it is selectively exposed to digital audiovisual content, including that it enhances learning through digital programs and supports the skill of the public's interaction with digital media, which is one of the problems that digital media education solves. The selective exposure of the audience to audiovisual and digital content results in poor decision-making skills related to the selective exposure to digital media. The most important recommendations of the study are the importance of teaching digital media education to media students and designing study courses within the curricula of faculties and scientific departments in the field of media to help them gain selective exposure to content. media, including audio-visual content, the importance of designing training courses for workers in various fields on digital media literacy that benefit them in their field of work and in their public life, as well as access to constructive selective exposure, and the need to make digital media literacy one of the urgent necessities that contribute to the upbringing of conscious generations. It is capable of understanding, interpretation, analysis, criticism, and the ability to produce content that contributes to the generalization of interest for those who gain the visual and audio-visual information from the Internet.
Key words:   Media Education - digital media Education - Selective Exposure to the media

Graphic Imagery in the Poetry of Abou Hayan Al-andulsi : Metaphor as a Case in Point

Prepared by
A.Prof. Dr. Badr Rabiean Al-Jarishi Al-Rashidi
Literature and Rhetoric
Taibah University
Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Literature is one of the fertile fields that open wide doors for researchers in the arts of rhetoric, and broad horizons, through which they access knowledge and sciences that develop in them the faculty of good taste. of that interest; This study came with the aim of identifying some rhetorical signs related to the sciences of rhetoric (meanings, eloquence, and badi’), through rhetorical analysis of samples from Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi’s poetry and presenting a new aesthetic image in it, to stand on the aesthetics of the graphic image, and exit from abstraction to specification, as metaphor was an example For the graphic image, the choice fell on Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi; Because he did not receive a sufficient share of the rhetorical and critical lesson, in addition to his belonging to an era of much ambiguity. The study followed the critical analytical approach. Depending on the most important sources and references related to the subject of the study. Among the most important findings of the study: that Abu Hayyan was famous for their skill in formulating vivid metaphors in his poetry that could captivate readers and bring them into his world. He was adept at the metaphorical use of language and imagery, and his metaphors serve to bring readers into his world and transport them to a place of beauty and mystery. He was often using metaphor to create vivid and imaginary comparisons between different things or ideas, and in his poetry there are many evidences of this.
Keywords: metaphor, graphic image, Abu Hayyan, Mamluk poetry.

A text study of the Moroccan Hassaniya lessons, Prof.Dr.Abdullah Al-Tayeb Al-Majzoub -A model

Prepared by
Dr.Muzamil Suleiman Hamad
General Authority for Radio
and Television - Sudan
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 Abstract:
This study is based on textual linguistics. It sees in the text an attractive linguistic bloc, with multiple connotations, and aims to enter the world of religious text by Professor Dr. Abdullah Al-Tayeb Al-Majzoub.

Which he presented as part of what he presented in the platform of the Moroccan Hasani lessons, which go back to the previous Alawite kings and sultans, and were presented in the presence of the King of Morocco, (presented in their court throughout the three months, (Rajab, Shaban, Ramadan). He summons the greatest scholars and thinkers from the cities for them. And villages in all Moroccan regions, where Sahih Al-Bukhari is often mentioned and other Sunnah books are sometimes mentioned, as are other religious books in interpretation, the biography of the Prophet, and others.
The good lessons are considered a Sunnah that is unique to the Kingdom of Morocco during the month of Ramadan, unlike the rest of the countries of the Arab and Islamic world. So that the Royal Palace in Rabat has become a Ramadan university, through which jurists and researchers are invited to give their lessons on the issues and concerns of the Islamic nation and its problems, according to a scientific methodology with wisdom and moderation in presentation and treatment. Before its establishment, Hassan II was afraid while his country was young and had a era of independence and the waves of Western ideological alienation were creeping in. Arab and Islamic countries, in addition to the growing atheist communist tide and the rise of the left in Moroccan universities, Hassan II intervened with a constitution that affirmed that Islam is the official religion of the Moroccan state. The constitution also gave the title of Commander of the Faithful to the king of the country, and this title had an impact on Hassan II’s career in Managing religious affairs, including establishing the Islamic Ramadan lessons to restore respect to the status of scholars and jurists and their effective role in the nation’s immunity, and creating this scientific platform to contribute to gathering the sagging Islamic ranks, due to the many destructive factors that worked to fuel the spirit of strife. The lessons were opened to all scholars and professors, regardless of their sects and intellectual orientations, whether Sunni, Shiite, or Ibadi. These lessons also opened the door for Sufi sheikhs
Keywords: Hassaniya lessons- Consistency - Harmony

Twitter's Contribution in Increasithe Effectiveness of Educational Twitter's Contribution in Increasing the Effectiveness of Educational Communication
Descriptive analytical study of a sample of King Abdulaziz University students From April 2023-Jul 2023

 Prepared by
Dr.Youssef Othman Youssef
College of Communication &Media (Jeddah)
Kong Abdulaziz Universitet
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Abstract
This study is entitled: Twitter's Contribution to Increasing the Effectiveness of Educational Communication, the study used a quantitative research design based on the descriptive approach, using surveys to collect data from a diverse sample of students across different educational levels and disciplines, and the survey tool included questions related to the use  of Twitter and its educational effectiveness, potential  benefits and challenges  as well as educational uses of Twitter by professors and students.  This study was based on a number of objectives, the most important of which are: studying the  extent to which Twitter is used as  a communication tool in educational environments, in addition to the  motives and purposes of its use by both students and teachers, investigating the potential benefits of using Twitter for educational communication, with a focus on its impact on student engagement, collaborative learning and knowledge dissemination, and evaluating the effectiveness of Twitter in facilitating interaction between students and teachers through real-time participation and increasing and expanding discussions and brainstorming.                                  .
The results of the study indicate that Twitter plays an important role in providing news and educational information to participants. There is also support for the use of Twitter as an educational platform by many participants, and the results indicated that there is moderate use of Twitter for educational purposes. There is a category of participants who use it regularly and continuously in the educational context, but there may be differences in the extent to which it is used according to the preferences and needs of users.
keywords: Twitter; social media; Educational communication; Website evaluation; 

The predictive power of Ego Identity with Situational Regret Among the Divorced Women in Tafila Governorate

Prepared by
Prof.Dr. Basim M. A. Aldahadha
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Mu'tahuniversity, 2023

Dr.Mahmoud Ali Mohammed
Al-Khawaldeh
Mu'tahuniversity, 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to identify the level ofego identity and their relationship withsituational regret among the newly-divorced women. The study sample consisted of(150) divorced women. In order to achieve the study objectives, the researcher used the scales of ego Identity,and situational regret; their validity and reliability were verified.
The results revealed that the level of, ego identity,  and situational regret was medium.The results revealed thatego identity have a statistically significant impact onsituational regret, where their relationship is negative, and both of them account for (10.4%) of variance insituational regret, respectively.
In the light of the results, the study recommendedthe necessity of educating and counseling spouses about the adverse consequences of divorce on spouses and their children as well asfollowing the religion's instructions concerning the rights and duties of spouses and enhancing the spouses' awareness about the sacred relationship of marriage and the negative effects of divorce via the various written, auditory and visual means of media.
Key word: ego identity, situational regret, newly divorced.