The Effectiveness of Using the Reciprocal Teaching Strategy in Teaching English Literature: Pedagogical Analysis of “Treasure Island” Novel

Prepared by

Nazik Noaman Ahmed Alnour
.Languages and Translation Dep
Haql University College
University of Tabuk,Saudi Arabia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4655-5947
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Romila Karrar Farh Karrar
Dep of English Language
Faculty of Education 
Blue Nile University, Ad-Damazin, Sudan
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0999-6306
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Wijdan Mohieldeen Mohammed
Dept of English Language & Literature
College of Languages & Humanities
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9039
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Abbas Hussein Abdelrady
Dep of English Language & Literature
College of Languages & Humanities
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7920-887X
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Abstract
Teaching literature presents difficulties in EFL settings because students lack sufficient language proficiency and have little experience with challenging authentic full-length literary texts. Teaching methods also continue to be largely teacher-directed. Based on an integrated metacognitive, self‑regulated learning, and cognitive load theory framework, this study explored whether the Reciprocal Teaching Strategy (RTS) could improve secondary students’ reading comprehension of Treasure Island and investigated English teachers’ views on its implementation. We used a convergent mixed‑methods design with a quasi‑experimental study and qualitative responses to teachers’ open‑ended questions. Sixty students were placed into either an experimental or control group. Students were tested on literary text comprehension before and after reading Treasure Island. During the intervention, students in the experimental group were taught with RTS and students in the control group received traditional instruction. Teachers (N = 32) gave qualitative responses about their opinions of benefits and challenges of RTS. Statistical analyses showed that students’ scores on the experimental group’s post‑test were significantly higher than students’ scores on the control group’s post‑test, t(58) = −4.43, p < .001, d = −1.37. There was a large effect size, which means that RTS led to better comprehension of Treasure Island. Theme analysis revealed that RTS allowed for metacognitive awareness of reading, self‑regulated learning skills, better comprehension, and engagement. Although some teachers had concerns about time, class size, and mixed proficiency levels, most believed that reciprocal teaching was beneficial to students. Our results indicate that reciprocal teaching is an effective metacognitive strategy to use when teaching full-length literary texts in EFL contexts and that training and proper conditions are required for teachers to properly execute it
 Keywords: reciprocal teaching, EFL literature instruction, collaborative learning, student engagement, literary comprehension, strategy-based reading.

External Debt and its Impact on the Future of Developing Countries' Economies (Egypt's Debt as a model)

Prepared by
Dr. Ahmed Abbas Abdullah Jassim
College of Administration and Economics University of Fallujah
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Dr. Maha Khalid Shihab
College of Administration and Economics  University of Fallujah
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Abstract
External debt constitutes a burden on the economies of developing countries, as servicing this debt drains the financial resources of these countries and exposes their public budgets to chronic deficits. Our research aims to demonstrate the extent of the impact of this debt on the economies of developing countries, especially with regard to Egypt's external debt, which is based on the hypothesis that external debt has a negative impact on the economies of developing countries such as the Egyptian economy. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical method as one of the methods used in writing scientific research. The research reached a number of conclusions, perhaps the most prominent of which is that the research hypothesis was proven that external debt has a negative impact on the economies of developing countries, and it presented a number of recommendations, perhaps the most important of which is the need to diversify the revenues that enter the general budget annually and not to rely on a single source
 Keywords: External debt, developing economies, Egypt's debt

Prepared by

Rehab Abdelrahman Osman Abdalla
Assistant Professor, Dep, of Economics
College of Business and Economics
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract
Health performance indicators are essential tools for monitoring population health, evaluating system performance, and guiding policy decisions. In Saudi Arabia, these indicators have gained increasing importance as the country undergoes major reforms under Vision 2030 and the Health Sector Transformation Program (HSTP). This study provides a comprehensive quantitative assessment of national health indicators from 2010 to 2024, focusing on changes before and after the implementation of the HSTP in 2016. Using secondary data from the Ministry of Health, WHO, and the World Bank, the analysis employs descriptive statistics, trend analysis, pre–post comparisons, and Interrupted Time Series (ITS) modeling. The results show substantial improvements in life expectancy, infant and maternal mortality, service coverage, digital health adoption, and quality indicators, despite temporary disruptions during the COVID‑19 pandemic. However, chronic disease prevalence—particularly diabetes—continues to rise. Overall, the findings demonstrate meaningful progress in modernizing the Saudi health system and advancing digital transformation, while highlighting the need for sustained investment in prevention, primary care, and workforce development
KeywordsHealth indicators; Vision 2030; Health Sector Transformation Program; Digital health; Interrupted Time Series; Health system performance
JEL Classification Codes
I10; I18; O33; C22; H51

 Prepared by
Bakri Omer Rahma Hag Elhussien
Associate Professor of Islamic History
Department of History and Heritage
College of Languages and Humanities
Qassim University
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
The study investigates how pre-Islamic cultural elements from Pakistan became integrated into Islamic practices through an analysis of secondary academic sources. The study examines how Islamic teachings combined with local customs to create religious practices, social traditions, artistic traditions, and regional distinctiveness. The research demonstrates that Pakistani Islam evolved through a process of cultural development which existing traditions merged with Islamic practices through subsequent periods of development. The main religious elements of the study consist of Sufi shrine worship, marriage rituals that combine Islamic rules with Hindu-based customs, and devotional music that fuses Islamic poetry with classical Indian musical traditions. The study demonstrates how present-day challenges emerge from orthodox reformist groups who reject syncretic practices, which they show through their attacks on Sufi shrines since 2005. The ongoing appeal of syncretic traditions among Pakistani people demonstrates their strong connection to Islam as it exists in their culture, which exists despite the ideological battles between traditionalist and reformist movements
Keywords: Cultural syncretism, Pakistani Islam, pre-Islamic traditions, religious accretion, Sufism 

 The Extent to which Palestinian Prisoners' Affairs Authority Employs Digital Media to Highlight the Suffering of Prisoners' Families from the Public's Perspective

 Prepared by
Rawan Abdel Haleem
MA Program of Contemporary
Public Relations
An-Najah National University – Nablus / Palestine
Mobile: 00970592950773
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Dr. Farid Abudheir
Associate Prof. at the Department of Communication & Digital Media
An-Najah National University– Nablus / Palestine
Mobile: 00970599266612
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Abstract:
This study aimed to examine the extent to which the Palestinian Commission of Prisoners’ Affairs employs digital media to highlight the suffering of prisoners’ families from the perspective of the Palestinian public. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and utilized a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The study population consisted of Palestinian audiences who follow the digital platforms of the Palestinian Commission of Prisoners’ Affairs. Due to the large size of the population and the difficulty of accessing it, a convenience sample of 208 respondents was selected, from which 196 valid questionnaires were collected for analysis, representing 94.2% of the study sample. The study reached several key findings, most notably that the level of the Commission’s use of digital media to highlight the suffering of prisoners’ families was high from the audience’s perspective, with an overall mean score of 3.62 and a percentage of 72.4%. The results also indicate that the mean scores of respondents’ answers on the dimension of ease of access to digital content and interaction with it (effort expectancy) were high, with an overall mean of 3.62 and a percentage of 72.4%. Furthermore, the levels of audience follow-up of the Commission’s digital media and their intentions to continue following it in the future did not differ according to demographic variables (gender, educational qualification, place of residence, age, and level of social media use).
Keywords: Prisoners’ Affairs Authority, digital media, prisoners’ families, Palestinian public.

Media Coverage of Climate change on International Visual Platforms A comparative Analytical study of the YouTube Channels of France 24 Arabic and BBC Arabic
Duration: June \30\ 2025 to January\ 1\ 2026

Prepared by

Prof. Dr. Yousra Khalid Ibrahim
Department Radio and Television Journalism
College of Media
Al-Iraqi Universit
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Sajjad Abdul Rahman Hamid
Department Radio and Television Journalism
College of Media
Al-Iraqi Universit
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Abstract:

This study aims to analyze the media treatment of climate change issues on international Arabic-language satellite channels on YouTube, by revealing the nature of the prevailing media frameworks and the patterns of their use in presenting these issues. The study stems from the importance of the role played by international satellite channels in shaping the awareness of the Arab public regarding global environmental issues, especially in light of the escalating repercussions of climate change at the environmental, economic, and political levels.The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, using content analysis based on media framing theory, on a sample of media materials published on France 24 Arabic and BBC Arabic channels on YouTube during a specific time period                        .
The study concluded that media coverage of climate change issues was characterized by a diversity of media frameworks. Media coverage was distributed across eleven main frameworks in both channels. The "consequences" framework ranked first in both channels, followed by the "causes" framework in second place. This reflects a shared focus on highlighting the repercussions of climate change and linking it to its causes. Additionally, there was a relative convergence between the two channels in the ranking of some frameworks, such as the "attribution of responsibility" framework, while there were differences in others. The "humanitarian concern" framework and the "sustainable development" framework were more prominent on France 24, while the "solutions" and "economic consequences" framework had a clearer presence on the BBC. The remaining frameworks ranked lower on both channels.                               .    
Keywords: Media Framing, Digital Media, Visual Platforms, Environmental Media, Visual Content

 The Effectiveness of an AI-BasedE-Learning Environment in Developing in-Depth Understanding Skills in Cell Biology among Students of the College of Education at Iraqi Universities

Prepared by
Shaimaa Adnan Tayeh
University of Anbar       

Abstract:
Research Objective: The current research aimed to develop the skills of Deep Understanding in cell biology among female students at the College of Education, University of Anbar, according to the Environment of E-Learning based on Artificial Intelligence.
The participants in the study were (63) students, divided into two groups: the first experimental (32) students, the second control (31) students at the College of Education, University of Anbar.
The researcher used the analytical descriptive approach and the experimental approach with a semi-experimental design. The research tools consisted of testing the skills of Deep Understanding. Then the teaching treatment was applied, where the experimental group was taught using Environment of E-Learning based on Artificial Intelligence,while the control group was taught in the usual way, then the research tools were applied dimensional, and the search results resulted in a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.01) between The mean scores of the students of the experimental and The mean scores of the students of control groups in the post-measurement of the skills of Deep Understanding test in favor of the students of the experimental group.The research recommended The research recommended using the Environment of E-Learning based on Artificial Intelligence,due to its engaging and exciting nature in the educational process, which motivates students towards learning.
Keywords: Environment of E-Learning based on Artificial Intelligence - Deep understanding Skills- Cell biology.